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วันเสาร์ที่ 12 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2551

Classification of the Japanese language

The immediate classification of the Japanese language is clear: it is a Japonic language, along with the Ryukyuan languages. Traditionally, these are considered dialects of a single language isolate. However, more distant connections remain contentious among historical linguists. The possibility of a genetic relationship to the Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) language has the most currency; a relationship to Korean is widely considered but is problematic; an Altaic hypothesis is less widely accepted. A few linguists support the hypothesis that Japanese is genetically related to the Austronesian languages.

Extinct Korean-peninsular languages hypothesis

The Korean-peninsular Languages hypothesis dates back to the independent discovery by two Japanese scholars in 1907 that material in the extinct Goguryeo language found in historical sources on the early Korean Peninsula was obviously related to Japanese.[citation needed] The hypothesis proposes that Japanese is a relative of the extinct languages spoken by the Buyeo-Goguryeo cultures of Korea, southern Manchuria, and Liaodong. The best attested of these is the language of Goguryeo, with the more poorly-attested Buyeo languages of Baekje and Buyeo believed to also be related. Supporters of this theory do not include modern Korean as part of that family because it is thought to have derived from the ancient language of Silla and it has been shown that the Korean and Buyeo-Goguryeo languages share only a few lexical items, which are typical cultural loanwords. A recent monograph by Christopher Beckwith (2004) has now established that there are about 140 lexical items in the Goguryeo corpus alone. They mostly occur in place name collocations, many of which include grammatical morphemes (including cognates of the Japanese genitive marker no and the Japanese adjective-attributive morpheme -si) and a few of which reveal syntax relationships. The majority of the identified Goguryeo corpus, including all the grammatical morphemes, are clearly related to Japanese. Most discussion of this theory now centers on arguments about the identity of the speakers of the language recorded as Goguryeo, but so far the identification of the language with the Goguryeo people, which agrees with the ancient Chinese accounts, has been shown to be the most secure historically and linguistically (Beckwith 2006a, 2006b).

Japanese loanwords in Hawaii

  • Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
    ... Hong Kong|fierce fighting]] between British and Canadian defenders against Japanese Imperial forces. The occupation ultimately lasted for three years and eigh ... [[Image:Jap occupy hk.jpg|thumb|left|Japanese soldiers marching along Queen's Road on Hong Kong Island in December 1941. ...
    24 KB (3592 words) - 12:03, 19 June 2008
  • Japanese American history
    Japanese people's migration to the Americas started with migration to [[Hawaii]] in ... According to the Association of Nikkei & Japanese Abroad, there are an estimated 2.5 million Nikkei people living in their a ...
    13 KB (1846 words) - 17:35, 27 June 2008
  • 2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
    ... ues, including the approval of a [[Japanese history textbook controversies|Japanese history textbook]] and the [[Reform of the United Nations|proposal that Ja ... ... ge was caused to businesses which were Chinese-owned and operated. Several Japanese nationals residing in China reported being injured, though there were no f ...
    23 KB (3277 words) - 09:54, 18 May 2008
  • Tigarah
    | Born = 1982
    [[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|25px|Japanese flag]] [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] ... kyo and [[Los Angeles, California]]. ''Tigarah'', by her admission, means "girl like a tiger."
    9 KB (1290 words) - 02:39, 4 July 2008
  • Korea under Japanese rule
    ... onventional_long_name = Japanese Forcible Occupation Period
    Korea under Japanese Rule |image_map_caption = Korea under Japanese rule - 일제 강점기
    66 KB (9579 words) - 00:30, 12 July 2008
  • American mutilation of Japanese war dead
    [[Image:JapaneseheadBurma1945.jpg|thumb|right|1945 image of a Japanese soldier's decapitated head hung on a tree branch, presumably by American s ... ... e personnel''' in the [[Pacific theater]] of operations. The mutilation of Japanese service personnel included the taking of body parts as “war souvenirs” ...
    24 KB (3677 words) - 22:20, 10 July 2008
  • Magical girl
    ... ra Kinomoto]] of ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'', a classic example of a magical girl.]] ... girl anime. ''[[Sally, the Witch]]'' in 1966 is seen as the first magical girl anime.
    12 KB (1902 words) - 15:12, 14 June 2008
  • Red Garden media and materials
    ==== The Four Girls and their Friend ==== * Kate Ashley - [[Akira Tomisaka]] (Japanese), [[Melissa Davis]] (English)
    7 KB (914 words) - 20:11, 30 June 2008
  • Naomi (novel)
    | publisher = {{nihongo|Shinchōsha|新潮社}} (Japanese)
    [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]] (English) | pages = 449 (Japanese)
    237 (English)
    17 KB (2503 words) - 08:28, 1 July 2008
  • Japanese name
    ... isambiguation)|Tarō]] ({{lang|ja|山田太郎}}), a typical or stereotype Japanese name (male), equivalent to ''John Smith'' in English. ''Jane Smith'' would ... {{nihongo|'''Japanese names'''|人名|jinmei}} in modern times usually consist of a [[family nam ...
    36 KB (5379 words) - 04:20, 11 July 2008
  • History of Ryukyu Islands
    ... explain that the mainland Japanese are rather a complex mix of prehistoric Japanese aborigines and immigrants who originated in the ancestral populations of v ... ... deyoshi. The [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]], the nearest Japanese neighbors of the kingdom, were the victors.
    23 KB (3576 words) - 12:37, 26 June 2008
  • Japanese loanwords in Hawaii
    ... with the first immigrants from Japan in 1868 and continue with the large [[Japanese American]] population in Hawai{{okina}}i today. The following lists three categories of Japanese [[loanword]]s in Hawai{{okina}}i: Food, Objects, and Miscellaneous.
    9 KB (1336 words) - 00:34, 19 May 2008
  • Comfort women
    | sort=japanese3 ... ism]] for women involved in [[prostitution]] serving the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] military brothels during [[World War II]] some of who were forced into [ ...
    66 KB (9512 words) - 09:32, 12 July 2008
  • Japanese Cemetery Park
    [[Image:Japanese Prayer Hall.jpg|250px|thumb|The Prayer Hall of the Japanese Cemetery Park in Chuan Hoe Avenue, [[Singapore]].]] ... ial]] park by the [[Singapore Government]] in 1987.Bose, "Japanese War Dead", pp. 53—59.
    14 KB (2191 words) - 18:02, 28 May 2008
  • The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
    ... the TV film ''Shinshun! LOVE stories'', starring then-[[Morning Musume]] [[Japanese idol|idol]] [[Natsumi Abe]]. A [[manga]] series illustrated by [[Gaku Tsug ... | image_caption = 1976 Japanese edition novel cover
    29 KB (4018 words) - 21:47, 11 July 2008
  • Nanking Massacre
    |piccap = Massacre victims on the shore of Yangtze River with a Japanese soldier nearby ... the Republic of China|Republic of China]], after it fell to the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] on [[December 13]], [[1937]]. The duration of the massacre is not c ...

Japanese American

Japanese Americans (日系アメリカ人 Nikkei Amerikajin?) are Americans of Japanese heritage. Japan is a western Pacific Ocean multi-archipelagic nation east of China in Asia. Japanese Americans are a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest (at roughly 1,204,205, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity). In the 2000 census, the largest Japanese American communities were in California with 394,896, Hawaii with 296,674, Washington with 56,210, New York with 45,237, and Illinois with 27,702. Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, making up about 4% of immigration from Asia; net migration, however, is significantly lower because some older Japanese Americans have been moving to Japan.

Anti-Japanese sentiment

Anti-Japanese sentiments range from animosity towards the Japanese government's actions and disdain for Japanese culture to racism against the Japanese people. Sentiments of dehumanization have been fueled by the anti-Japanese propaganda of the Allied governments in World War II; this propaganda was often of racially-disparaging character. Anti-Japanese sentiment may be strongest in China and South Korea.[2][3][4]24-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey, [www.pewglobal.org The Pew Global Attitudes Project], June 12, 2008, <http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/260.pdf>. Retrieved on 28 June 2008 [not in citation given]

In the past, anti-Japanese sentiment contained innuendos of Japanese people as barbaric. Japan was intent to adopt Western ways in an attempt to join the West as an industrialized imperial power. Fukuzawa Yukichi's seminal 1885 text, Leaving Asia, outlines the intellectual basis for modernizing and Westernizing Japan. A lack of acceptance of the Japanese in the West complicated integration and assimilation. One commonly held view was that the Japanese were evolutionarily inferior. Japanese culture was viewed with suspicion and even disdain.

While passions have settled somewhat since Japan's defeat in World War II, tempers continue to flare on occasion over the widespread perception that the Japanese government has made insufficient penance for their past atrocities, or has sought to whitewash the history of these events.[5] Today, though the Japanese Government has effected some compensatory measures, anti-Japanese sentiment continues based on historical and nationalist animosities linked to imperial Japanese military aggression, especially war atrocities committed in the World War II era. Japan's delay in clearing more than 700,000 pieces of life threatening and environment contaminating chemical weapons (according to Japanese Government[6]) buried in China at the end of WWII is another cause of anti-Japanese sentiment.

Periodically, individuals within Japan spur external criticism. Former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was heavily criticized by South Korea and China for annually paying his respects to the war dead at the Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines all those who fought and died for Japan during World War II, including 1,068 convicted war criminals. Right-wing nationalist groups have produced history textbooks whitewashing Japanese atrocities,[7] and the recurring controversies over these books occasionally attract hostile foreign attention. Some critics have attributed regional anti-Japanese sentiment to ethnocentrism and lingering wartime hatred.[who?]

Some anti-Japanese sentiment originates from business practices used by some Japanese companies, such as dumping.

The American Diary of a Japanese Girl

The American Diary of a Japanese Girl is the first English novel published in the United States by a person of Japanese ancestry. Acquired for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Monthly Magazine by editor Ellery Sedgwick in 1901, it appeared in two excerpted installments in November and December of that year with illustrations by Genjiro Yeto. In 1902, it was published in book form by the New York firm of Frederick A. Stokes. Marketed as (and believed, with some doubts, to be) an authentic diary by an 18-year-old visitor to the United States named "Miss Morning Glory" (Asagao), it was in actuality the work of Yone Noguchi, who wrote it with the editorial assistance of Blanche Partington and Léonie Gilmour.

The book describes Morning Glory's preparations, activities and observations as she undertakes her transcontinental American journey with her uncle, a wealthy mining executive. Arriving in San Francisco by steamship, they stay briefly at the Palace Hotel before moving to a "high-toned boarding house" in Nob Hill. Through the American wife of the Japanese consul, Morning Glory befriends Ada, a denizen of Van Ness Avenue with a taste for coon songs, who introduces her to Golden Gate Park and vaudeville and is in turn initiated by Morning Glory in the ways of kimono. Morning Glory briefly takes over proprietorship of a cigar store on the edge of San Francisco Chinatown before moving to the rustic Oakland home of an eccentric local poet named Heine (a character based on Joaquin Miller). After some days there spent developing her literary skills and a romantic interest with local artist Oscar Ellis, and a brief excursion to Los Angeles, she departs with her uncle for Chicago and New York, continuing, along the way, her satirical observations on various aspects of American life and culture. The novel closes with Morning Glory's declared intention to continue her investigations into American life by taking a job as a domestic servant, thus preparing the way for a sequel.

Noguchi had in fact already written the sequel, The American Letters of a Japanese Parlor-Maid, at the time of the American Diary 's publication, but Stokes, citing lackluster sales, declined to publish the sequel, thus obliging Noguchi to defer publication until his return to Japan in 1904. There, Tokyo publisher Fuzanbo issued a new edition of The American Diary of a Japanese Girl (this time under Noguchi's own name, with an appendix documenting the book's history) as well as The American Letters of a Japanese Parlor-Maid (1905), published with a preface by Tsubouchi Shoyo. Another publisher issued Noguchi's Japanese translation of The American Diary of a Japanese Girl under the title 邦文日本少女の米國日記 in 1905. In 1912, Fuzanbo published a new edition of The American Diary with a fold-out illustration (kuchi-e) by ukiyoe artist Eiho Hirezaki, which was also sold under the imprint of London publisher and bookseller Elkin Mathews. In 2007, The American Diary of a Japanese Girl was reissued in an annotated edition by Temple University Press.